Weekly Message from the Director-General of the World Mission Headquarters (No. 29), Living in the Kingdom of Heaven on Earth: Love as a Way of Life delivered on August 14, 2026
Click to Read Korean: ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ, ์ฌ๋์ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฒ
Click to Read Japanese: ๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใๆใไบบ็(็ใๆน)ใจใใๆนๆณ
Dear beloved members and blessed families around the world,
I pray that this week will be one in which you come to know Heavenly Parentโs love and practice it in your lives so that it may bear fruit as joy and happiness within your family and community.
1. Summary of Last Weekโs Message
Last week, we observed that the answer Heaven has prepared to the question of the happiness that everyone has long sought, is โlife in the kingdom of heaven on earth.โ We reflected on how its essence lies in perfecting, through true love, our relationships with Heavenly Parent, with other people, and with all things of creation. We affirmed together that happiness is the fruit of relationships, that love is what forms those relationships, and that the Three Great Blessings are Heavenly Parentโs blueprint for creation to bring those relationships to perfection.
This brings us to an important issue: โHow can we make true love a part of our lives?โ In this third message on this theme, I would like us to explore together the specific path by which we can learn, practice, and experience in our hearts the true love that brings us to life in Godโs kingdom on earth.
2. True Love: Love Perfected in Relationships
According to the Principle, love is the force that the subject partner gives to the object partner, while beauty is the force that the object partner returns to the subject partner in response. Love does not end simply when one person gives it. It is perfected through the relationship of give and take between subject and object partners. When I give love and the other person responds with joy, that joy returns to me and gives rise to even greater love and happiness. True love, therefore, is not just an emotion that remains within the heart. Love is to be expressed through our lives and relationships. Only when love is conveyed to another person and returns to us as joy does it bear fruit.
In his book The Art of Loving, Erich Fromm presents love not simply as an emotion, but as an art that must be learned and practiced. Just as we must learn to read music and practice repeatedly in order to sing well, love too must be learned and practiced. We need to learn how to love and attend Heavenly Parent, and how to love our spouse, our children, our neighbors.
Yet love is not perfected simply by knowing about it. As we live day by day, we must repeatedly practice the love that we have learned. Even when we do not do it well, we try again. Even when we make mistakes, we do not give up. Through this process, we gradually learn how to love. Love grows through practice.
Ultimately, true love begins with โlearning,โ grows through โpractice,โ and is perfected within our relationships through โheartfelt experience.โ Then how can we cultivate that love in our own lives? Letโs look more closely at the real process of learning, practicing, and experiencing true love.
3. Learning Love, Practicing Love, and Experiencing Love in Our Hearts
The first step is learning love. Learning Heavenly Parentโs Will and the principle of true loveโthrough hoondokhae and worshipโis the first step toward living in the heavenly kingdom on earth.
To sing well, we need sheet music. To learn a foreign language, we need a textbook. To cook delicious food, we need a recipe. In the same way, before we can practice true love, we first need to learn what true love is and how we should give love. Therefore, coming to know and learn about love through the Word is the first stage of our life in the kingdom of heaven.
The second step is practicing the love we have learned. The second stage of living in Godโs kingdom on earth is to repeatedly practice, in our daily lives, the true love we have learned, so that this love can take substantial form through our lifestyle.
A song is not perfected by sheet music alone. We must learn how to breathe properly, produce the notes, and practice repeatedly before the song truly becomes our own. In the same way, learning a foreign language does not end with memorizing vocabulary and grammar. We must actually listen, speak, and use the language consistently before it becomes our own. Nor is knowing a recipe enough to become a good cook. We need to make the dish ourselves, sometimes even failing, and gradually build up experience before it truly becomes our own home cooking.
True love is the same. Once we have learned about love through the Word, we must begin practicing it in our actual relationships, starting with small things. Even when things do not go well, we must try again. Even when we make mistakes, we must not give up, but continue practicing. When we create an environment in which we practice love and continue patiently training ourselves, the true love we have learned through the Word will gradually take substantial form. Ultimately, love is not perfected merely by knowing about it. Repeated practice becomes a habit, and when that habit becomes part of our character and takes root in our lives, love finally becomes substantial.
The third step is to convey the love we have learned through practice to another person and experience in our hearts how that love bears fruit as joy and affection within the relationship.
The purpose of learning and practicing a song is to touch someoneโs heart and bring them joy. When someone hears my singing and experiences joy, I too feel even greater joy and happiness. Likewise, we do not learn a foreign language simply to acquire linguistic ability. When we understand another personโs language and culture, communicate with them, and share our hearts with one another, we experience the joy of relationship, and our own world becomes deeper and broader. The same is true when we cook. The purpose of learning a recipe and practicing it repeatedly is not merely to eat delicious food by ourselves. When we share food that we have lovingly prepared with our family or neighbors and see their happiness, we too share in their joy.
In this way, the purpose of learning and practicing is not merely to perfect our own ability. When what I have learned flows outward to another person, when that love bears fruit as joy in the other, and when I in turn share and experience that joy in my own heart, greater happiness results.
4. From the Word to Substance, and from Substance to Heart
When speaking about happiness, True Parents have often used the example of โthe singer on a deserted island.โ They asked, in essence, โEven if someone had spent an entire lifetime as a professional singer, could that person be happy if he or she were left alone on a deserted island singing at the top of their voice with no one there to listen?โ True Parents taught that happiness can be realized only when there is a relationship with an object partner. (Collected Works of Sun Myung Moon, Vol. 522, p. 263)
No matter how outstanding a singer may be, he or she cannot experience complete joy if there is no one to hear the song. On the other hand, when the song brings inspiration and joy to another person, and that personโs joy returns to the singer, a relationship of happiness is created in which love and joy flow back and forth.
True love is the same. Love cannot be perfected by oneself alone. When I give love and the other person responds with beauty, that relationship gives rise to still greater love and joy. This is the process by which love and beauty take substantial form within relationships. Living in the kingdom of heaven on earth means creating this virtuous cycle of true love in our everyday lives.
True Parents have taught, โThe purpose of the Word is for everyone to embody it, and the purpose of that embodiment is to realize a heart of love (shimjeong).โ These words show us concisely how living in the kingdom of heaven on earth unfolds in our lives. Through the Word, we learn love. Through practice, we make that love substantial. And when we share that love within our relationships, we experience joy and heart. Thus, โWord, substance, and a heart of loveโ are expressed in our lives as โlearning, practice, and heartfelt experience.โ In other words, the Word becomes substantialized and embodied in our hearts (shimjeong); in the same way, what we learn is brought into reality through practice and ultimately becomes something we experience deeply, spiritually, in our hearts. This is the way we actualize in our lives the blueprint of creation as expressed through the Three Great Blessings. This is the path by which we create life in the kingdom of heaven on earth through the virtuous cycle of true love.
5. This Weekโs Practice: Experiencing the Virtuous Cycle of True Love
Learning love, practicing love, and through that love experiencing each otherโs joy and heartโthis is the path to making life in the heavenly kingdom a reality in our daily lives.
Dear brothers and sisters,
During this week, I invite you to personally experience the โvirtuous cycle of true love,โ which is the practical way of living in the kingdom of heaven on earth. First, through a scripture reading or worship, learn and inscribe in your heart one expression of love that you will practice that day. Then put that love into practice in your life. It does not need to be anything grand. Begin with something small: offering a warm word, listening attentively to another person until they have finished speaking, or being the first to say, โIโm sorry.โ A small act of love that you can practice right now is enough.
Then, at the end of the day, quietly reflect on what changed in the other personโs expression and in your relationship when you took the initiative to give love, and what kind of joy and heart arose within you. Finally, before going to sleep, report the result to Heavenly Parent in a prayer of gratitude. In this way, please create each day a small cycle of โlearning, practicing, and experiencing love in your own heart.โ
Love is not perfected simply by thinking about it, nor does it end when you take action. When we learn love through the Word, practice that love, and experience in our hearts the joy and heart that it creates within our relationships, our lives will gradually be transported to the kingdom of heaven.
This week, there is no need to begin with anything grand. Begin by expressing love first to the one person whom you most need to love. That one small expression of love can change our family. Change within our families can transform our communities. And that, ultimately, can become the beginning of the kingdom of heaven on earth that we dream of. I pray that this week each of you will experience in your own life what it means to become a subject partner of love.
์ธ๊ณ์ ๊ต๋ณธ๋ถ์ฅ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋ฉ์์ง 29, ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ, ์ฌ๋์ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋๋ ๋ฒ, 2026๋ 8์ 14์ผ
์กด๊ฒฝํ๊ณ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ์ ์ธ๊ณ ์ถ๋ณต๊ฐ์ ์๊ตฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ฌ๋ถ,
ํ๋๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ์ค์ฒํ์ฌ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ฐ์ ๊ณผ ๊ณต๋์ฒด ์์์ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ํ๋ณต์ผ๋ก ์ด๋งค ๋งบ๋ ํ ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋์๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ํฉ๋๋ค.
1. ์ง๋์ฃผ ๋ฉ์์ง ์์ฝ
์ง๋์ฃผ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ธ๋ฅ๊ฐ ์ค๋ซ๋์ ์ฐพ์์จ ํ๋ณต์ ๋ํ ํ๋์ ๋ต์ด ๋ฐ๋ก โ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํโ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ํต์ฌ์ ํ๋๋ถ๋ชจ๋๊ณผ ์ฌ๋, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๋ง๋ฌผ๊ณผ์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ผ๋ก ์์ฑํด ๊ฐ๋ ๋ฐ ์์์ ์ดํด๋ณด์์ต๋๋ค. ํ๋ณต์ ๊ด๊ณ์ ์ด๋งค์ด๊ณ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ทธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์๋ฆฌ์ด๋ฉฐ, 3๋์ถ๋ณต์ ๊ทธ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ์์ฑํ๊ธฐ ์ํ ํ๋๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ค๊ณ๋๋ผ๋ ์ฌ์ค์ ํจ๊ป ํ์ธํ์ต๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด์ ์ค์ํ ๊ฒ์ ํ๋์ ๋๋ค. โ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ฐ ๊ฒ์ธ๊ฐ?โ ์ด๋ฒ ์ 3ํธ์์๋ ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฐ์ตํ๊ณ , ์ฒดํผํ ์ ์๋์ง ๊ทธ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๊ธธ์ ํจ๊ป ์ฐพ์๋ณด๊ณ ์ ํฉ๋๋ค.
2. ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์์ฑ๋๋ ์ฌ๋
์๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋์์๊ฒ ์ฃผ๋ ํ์ด๊ณ , ๋ฏธ๋ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ํด ๋์์ด ์ฃผ์ฒด์๊ฒ ๋๋ ค์ฃผ๋ ํ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ผ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฃผ๋ ๋ฐ์ ๋๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ๋์์ด ์๋ก ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์์ฑ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋์์ด ๊ธฐ์จ์ผ๋ก ์๋ตํ ๋, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ๋ค์ ๋์๊ฒ ๋์์ ๋ ํฐ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ํ๋ณต์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ธฐ ๋๋ฌธ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ๋ง์์์๋ง ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์๋๋๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ์ถ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ๋๋ฌ๋์ผ ํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋์์๊ฒ ์ ๋ฌ๋์ด ๊ธฐ์จ์ผ๋ก ๋์์ฌ ๋ ๋น๋ก์ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์ด๋งค๋ฅผ ๋งบ์ต๋๋ค.
์๋ฆฌํ ํ๋กฌ์ ใ์ฌ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ ใ์์ ์ฌ๋์ ๋จ์ํ ๊ฐ์ ์ด ์๋๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ํ๋ จํด์ผ ํ๋ ๊ธฐ์ ๋ก ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ด ๋๋ค. ๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ ์ฐ์ตํด์ผ ํ๋ฏ์ด ์ฌ๋์๋ ๋ฐฐ์๊ณผ ์ฐ์ต์ด ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ํ๋๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ํ๊ณ ๋ชจ์ ์ผ ํ๋์ง, ๋ฐฐ์ฐ์์ ์๋ , ์ด์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ํด์ผ ํ๋์ง ๋ฐฐ์์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฐฐ์ด ์ฌ๋์ ์ค์ ์ถ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ณตํ์ฌ ์ฐ์ตํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์๋์ง ์๋๋ผ๋ ๋ค์ ์๋ํ๊ณ , ์ค์ํ๋๋ผ๋ ํฌ๊ธฐํ์ง ์๋ ๊ณผ์ ์์์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๋ ์ฌ๋ํ๋ ๋ฒ์ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ์ตํ ๊ฐ๋๋ค. ์ฌ๋ ์ญ์ ์ฐ์ต์ ํตํด ์ฑ์ฅํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ โ๋ฐฐ์โ์์ ์์ํ์ฌ โ์ฐ์ตโ์ผ๋ก ์ฑ์ฅํ๊ณ , โ์ฒดํผโ์ ํตํด ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์์ฑ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๋ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ ์์์ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ฐ ์ ์์๊น์? ์ด์ โ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฐ์ตํ๊ณ , ์ฒดํผํ๋โ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ ์ดํด๋ณด๊ฒ ์ต๋๋ค.
3. ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ์ตํ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋์ ์ฒดํผํ๋ค
์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ๋ง์ ํ๋ ๊ณผ ์๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ํ๋๋ถ๋ชจ๋์ ๋ป๊ณผ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์์ ๋๋ค.
๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ์ํ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ๋ณด๊ฐ ํ์ํ๊ณ , ์ธ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต๊ณผ์๊ฐ ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์๋ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ง๋ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ ์ํผ๊ฐ ํ์ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ์ตํ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๋ ๋จผ์ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ด ๋ฌด์์ธ์ง, ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ฌ๋ํด์ผ ํ๋์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ๊ทธ๋ฌ๋ฏ๋ก ๋ง์์ ํตํด ์ฌ๋์ ์๊ณ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ, ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์์ํ๋ ์ฒซ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ์ ๋๋ค.
๋ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ด ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ๋ ๋ฒ์งธ ๋จ๊ณ๋ ๋ฐฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ถ ์์์ ๋ฐ๋ณต์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฐ์ตํ์ฌ ์ฌ๋์ด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ์ค์ฒด๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ์ก๊ฒ ํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
๋ ธ๋๋ ์ ๋ณด๋ง์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ํธํก๋ฒ์ ์ตํ๊ณ ์๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ ์ฐ์ตํด์ผ ๋น๋ก์ ์์ ์ ๋ ธ๋๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ธ๊ตญ์ด๋ ๋จ์ด์ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ์์ ๋๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์ค์ ๋ก ๋ฃ๊ณ ๋งํ๋ฉฐ ๊พธ์คํ ์ฌ์ฉํด์ผ ์์ ์ ์ธ์ด๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ ์ญ์ ๋ ์ํผ๋ฅผ ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก๋ ๋ถ์กฑํฉ๋๋ค. ์ง์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋๋ก๋ ์คํจํ๋ฉด์ ๊ฒฝํ์ ์์์ผ ๋น๋ก์ ์์ ์ ์๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ฐธ์ฌ๋๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋๋ค. ๋ง์์ ํตํด ์ฌ๋์ ์์๋ค๋ฉด ์ด์ ์์ ๊ฒ๋ถํฐ ์ค์ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์ฐ์ตํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์๋์ง ์๋๋ผ๋ ๋ค์ ์๋ํ๊ณ , ์ค์ํ๋๋ผ๋ ํฌ๊ธฐํ์ง ์๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ผ ํฉ๋๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ์ตํ ์ ์๋ ํ๊ฒฝ์ ๋ง๋ค๊ณ ์ธ๋ด์ ํ๋ จ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ญํ ๋, ๋ง์์ผ๋ก ๋ฐฐ์ด ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ ์์ ์ค์ฒด๋ก ์๋ฆฌ ์ก๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฌ๋์ ์๋ ๊ฒ๋ง์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ณต๋ ์ฐ์ต์ด ์ต๊ด์ด ๋๊ณ , ์ต๊ด์ด ์ธ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋์ด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ์๋ฆฌ ์ก์ ๋ ๋น๋ก์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ค์ฒด๊ฐ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ธ ๋ฒ์งธ๋ ์ฐ์ต์ ํตํด ์ตํ ์ฌ๋์ ๋์์๊ฒ ์ ํ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋งค ๋งบ๋ ๊ฒ์ ์ฒดํผํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค.
๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์์ ์ ๋ ธ๋๋ก ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ์ฃผ๊ธฐ ์ํด์์ ๋๋ค. ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ถ๋ฅธ ๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ฃ๊ณ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ ๋, ๋ ์ญ์ ๋ ํฐ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ํ๋ณต์ ๋๋ผ๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ธ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๋ ๊ฒ๋ ๋จ์ํ ์ธ์ด ๋ฅ๋ ฅ์ ๊ฐ์ถ๊ธฐ ์ํด์๊ฐ ์๋๋๋ค. ์๋์ ์ธ์ด์ ๋ฌธํ๋ฅผ ์ดํดํ๊ณ ์ํตํ๋ฉฐ ์๋ก์ ๋ง์์ ๋๋ ๋, ๊ด๊ณ์ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ํจ๊ป ๋์ ์ธ๊ณ๋ ๋์ฑ ๊น์ด์ง๊ณ ๋์ด์ง๋๋ค. ์๋ฆฌ๋ ๋ง์ฐฌ๊ฐ์ง์ ๋๋ค. ๋ ์ํผ๋ฅผ ์ตํ๊ณ ๋ฐ๋ณตํด์ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ํผ์ ๋ง์๋ ์์์ ๋จน๋ ๋ฐ ์์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ์ ์ฑ๊ป ๋ง๋ ์์์ ๊ฐ์กฑ๊ณผ ์ด์์๊ฒ ๋๋๊ณ ๊ทธ๋ค์ด ๊ธฐ๋ปํ๋ ๋ชจ์ต์ ๋ฐ๋ผ๋ณผ ๋, ๋ ์ญ์ ํจ๊ป ๊ธฐ๋ปํ๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ด์ฒ๋ผ ๋ฐฐ์๊ณผ ์ฐ์ต์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ๋์ ๊ธฐ์ ์ ์์ฑํ๋ ๋ฐ ์์ง ์์ต๋๋ค. ๋ด๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ์ด ๊ฒ์ ๋์์๊ฒ ํ๋ ค๋ณด๋ด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๋์์ ๊ธฐ์จ์ผ๋ก ์ด๋งค ๋งบ์ผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ๋ค์ ๋ด๊ฐ ํจ๊ป ์ฒดํผํ ๋ ๋น๋ก์ ๋ ํฐ ํ๋ณต์ด ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋๋ค.
4. ๋ง์์์ ์ค์ฒด๋ก, ์ค์ฒด์์ ์ฌ์ ์ผ๋ก
์ฐธ๋ถ๋ชจ๋๊ป์๋ ํ๋ณต์ ์ค๋ช ํ์๋ฉด์ โ๋ฌด์ธ๋์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐโ๋ผ๋ ์๋ฅผ ์์ฃผ ๋ง์ํ์ จ์ต๋๋ค. โํ์์ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ก ์ด์์จ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ผ๋ ๋ฌด์ธ๋์ ๋ฒ๋ ค์ ธ ํผ์์ ๋ชฉ์ด ํฐ์ง๋ผ๊ณ ๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ถ๋ฅธ๋ค๊ณ ํด์ ํ๋ณตํ๊ฒ ์ต๋๊น?โ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ฌผ์ผ์๋ฉฐ, ํ๋ณต์ โ๋ฐ๋์ ์๋์ ๊ด๊ณ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ถ ์๋ฆฌ์์์ผ ์ฑ๋ฆฝ๋๋ ๊ฒโ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง์ํ์ จ์ต๋๋ค. (๋ฌธ์ ๋ช ์ ์๋ง์์ ์ง 522๊ถ, p.263)
์๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ์ด๋ ์ฑ์ ๊ฐ๋ผ๋ ์์ ์ ๋ ธ๋๋ฅผ ๋ค์ด์ค ๋์์ด ์๋ค๋ฉด ์จ์ ํ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ๊ฒฝํํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ต์ต๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋๋ก ์์ ์ ๋ ธ๋๊ฐ ๋๊ตฐ๊ฐ์๊ฒ ๊ฐ๋๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์จ์ ์ฃผ๊ณ , ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ๋ค์ ์์ ์๊ฒ ๋์์ฌ ๋ ๋น๋ก์ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์จ์ด ์ค๊ฐ๋ ํ๋ณต์ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ๋ง๋ค์ด์ง๋๋ค.
์ฐธ์ฌ๋๋ ์ด์ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค. ์ฌ๋์ ํผ์ ์์ฑ๋๋ ๊ฒ์ด ์๋๋ผ, ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ๊ณ ๋์์ด ๋ฏธ๋ก ์๋ตํ ๋ ๊ทธ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ๋ ํฐ ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์จ์ผ๋ก ์์ฑ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ฌ๋๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๊ฐ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ์ค์ฒด๋ก ๋ํ๋๋ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ๊ณผ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์ด๋ฌํ ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ํ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ผ์ ์์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ ์ถ์ ๋๋ค.
์ฐธ๋ถ๋ชจ๊ป์๋ โ๋ง์์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ค์ฒด์, ์ค์ฒด์ ๋ชฉ์ ์ ์ฌ์ ์ด๋คโ๋ผ๊ณ ๋ง์ํ์ จ์ต๋๋ค. ์ด ๋ง์์ ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ด ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ์ด์ด์ง๋์ง๋ฅผ ํจ์ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ๋ณด์ฌ์ค๋๋ค. ๋ง์์ ํตํด ์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฐ์ต์ ํตํด ์ฌ๋์ ์ค์ฒดํํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ๋๋ ๋ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฒดํผํ๊ฒ ๋ฉ๋๋ค. โ๋ง์, ์ค์ฒด, ์ฌ์ โ์ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์์ โ๋ฐฐ์, ์ฐ์ต, ์ฒดํผโ๋ก ๋ํ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ค์ ๋งํด์ ‘๋ง์’์ ‘์ค์ฒด’๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ ‘์ฌ์ ’์ผ๋ก ์ฒดํ๋๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์์ ‘๋ฐฐ์’์ด ‘์ฐ์ต’์ ํตํด ‘์ฒดํผ’๋ก ๊ตฌํ๋๋ ๊ณผ์ ๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ต๋๋ค. ์ด๊ฒ์ด 3๋์ถ๋ณต์ด๋ผ๋ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ค๊ณ๋๋ฅผ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ๊ตฌํํ๋ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ํ์ ํตํด ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ์ ๋๋ค.
5. ๋ฒ ์ฃผ ์ค์ฒ: ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ํ ์ฒดํํ๊ธฐ
์ฌ๋์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ํตํด ์๋ก์ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฒดํผํ๋ ๊ฒ. ์ด๊ฒ์ด ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์ค์ ์ถ์ผ๋ก ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ฐ๋ ๊ธธ์ ๋๋ค.
์ฌ๋ํ๋ ์๊ตฌ๋,
์ด๋ฒ ํ ์ฃผ๋ ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ํ์ ์ค์ฒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ธ โ์ฐธ์ฌ๋์ ์ ์ํโ์ ์ง์ ๊ฒฝํํด ๋ณด์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋๋๋ค. ๋จผ์ ๋ง์ ํ๋ ์ด๋ ์๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํตํด ์ค๋ ์ฐ์ตํ ์ฌ๋ ํ ๊ฐ์ง๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ ๋ง์์ ์๊ฒจ ๋ณด์ญ์์ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ ์ถ ์์์ ์ง์ ์๋ํด ๋ณด์ญ์์ค. ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ ์ผ์ด ์๋๋ผ ์์ ๊ฒ๋ถํฐ ์์ํ์๋ฉด ๋ฉ๋๋ค. ๋ฐ๋ปํ ๋ง ํ๋ง๋, ์๋์ ์ด์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋๊น์ง ๋ค์ด์ฃผ๋ ๊ฒ, ๋จผ์ ๋ฏธ์ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋งํ๋ ๊ฒ์ฒ๋ผ ์ง๊ธ ๋ด๊ฐ ํ ์ ์๋ ์์ ์ฌ๋์ด๋ฉด ์ถฉ๋ถํฉ๋๋ค.
๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ํ๋ฃจ๋ฅผ ๋ง์น๋ฉฐ ๋ด๊ฐ ๋จผ์ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ์์ ๋ ์๋์ ํ์ ๊ณผ ๊ด๊ณ๊ฐ ์ด๋ป๊ฒ ๋ฌ๋ผ์ก๋์ง, ๋ด ๋ง์์๋ ์ด๋ค ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ด ์ผ์ด๋ฌ๋์ง๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ฉํ ๋์๋ณด์ญ์์ค. ๋ง์ง๋ง์ผ๋ก ์ ๋ค๊ธฐ ์ , ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ๋๋ถ๋ชจ๋๊ป ๊ฐ์ฌ๊ธฐ๋๋ก ๋ณด๊ณ ํด ๋ณด์ญ์์ค. ๊ทธ๋ ๊ฒ โ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฐ์ตํ๊ณ , ์ฒดํผํ๋โ ์์ ์ํ์ ๋งค์ผ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๊ฐ์๊ธฐ ๋ฐ๋๋๋ค.
์ฌ๋์ ์๊ฐํ๋ค๊ณ ์์ฑ๋์ง ์๊ณ , ํ๋ํ๋ค๊ณ ๋๋๋ ๊ฒ๋ ์๋๋๋ค. ๋ง์์ ๋ฐฐ์ฐ๊ณ , ์ฌ๋์ ์ฐ์ตํ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ฌ๋์ด ๊ด๊ณ ์์์ ๋ง๋ค์ด ๋ด๋ ๊ธฐ์จ๊ณผ ์ฌ์ ์ ์ฒดํผํ ๋ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ์ ์ถ์ ์กฐ๊ธ์ฉ ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ผ๋ก ๋ณํ๋ฉ๋๋ค.
์ด๋ฒ ํ ์ฃผ, ๊ฑฐ์ฐฝํ ์ผ์ ์์ํ์ง ์์๋ ์ข์ต๋๋ค. ๋ด๊ฐ ๊ฐ์ฅ ์ฌ๋ํด์ผ ํ ํ ์ฌ๋์๊ฒ ๋จผ์ ์ฌ๋์ ํํํด ๋ณด์ญ์์ค. ๊ทธ ์์ ์ฌ๋ ํ๋๊ฐ ์ฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ณํ์ํค๊ณ , ๊ฐ์ ์ ๋ณํ๊ฐ ๊ณต๋์ฒด๋ฅผ ๋ณํ์ํค๋ฉฐ, ๋ง์นจ๋ด ์ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ ๊ฟ๊พธ๋ ์ง์์ฒ๊ตญ์ ์์์ด ๋ ๊ฒ์ ๋๋ค. ์ด๋ฒ ์ฃผ์๋ ๋ด๊ฐ ์ฌ๋์ ์ฃผ์ฒด๊ฐ ๋๋ ์ถ์ ์ฒดํผํ๋ ํ์ฃผ๊ฐ ๋์๊ธธ ๊ธฐ์๋๋ฆฝ๋๋ค.
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ๅฐๆฌใใๆใใๅ จไธ็ใฎ็ฅ็ฆๅฎถๅบญใฎ้ฃๅฃใฎ็ๆงใ
ๅคฉใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใฎๆใๅญฆใณใไบบ็ใงๅฎ่ทตใใฆใใใฎๆใๅฎถๅบญใจๅ ฑๅไฝใฎไธญใงๅใณใจๅนธ็ฆใจใใฆๅฎใ็ตใถไธ้ฑ้ใจใชใใพใใใ็ฅ้กใใใใพใใ
1. ๅ ้ฑใฎใกใใปใผใธใฎ่ฆ็ด
ๅ ้ฑใ็งใใกใฏไบบ้กใ้ทใ้ๆขใๆฑใใฆใใๅนธ็ฆใซๅฏพใใๅคฉใใใฎ็ญใใใใพใใซใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใใงใใใใใฎๆ ธๅฟใฏๅคฉใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใจไบบ้ใใใใฆไธ็ฉใจใฎ้ขไฟใ็ใฎๆใซใใฃใฆๅฎๆใใใฆใใใจใใใซใใใจใใใใจใ่ฆใฆใใพใใใ
ๅนธ็ฆใฏ้ขไฟใฎ็ตๅฎใงใใใๆใฏใใฎ้ขไฟใๆใ็ซใใใๅ็ใงใใใไธๅคง็ฅ็ฆใฏใใฎ้ขไฟใๅฎๆใใใใใใฎๅคฉใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใฎๅต้ ่จญ่จๅณใงใใใจใใไบๅฎใใๅ ฑใซ็ขบ่ชใใใใพใใใ
ใใใงใใใชใใฐใไปใๅคงๅใชใใจใฏใใ ไธใคใงใใใ็ใฎๆใใใฉใฎใใใซ็งใใกใฎไบบ็๏ผ็ใๆน๏ผใจใใฆๆใใฆใใใฎใใใจใใใใจใงใใ
ไปๅใฎ็ฌฌ3็ทจใงใฏใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใๆใใฆใใ็ใฎๆใใใฉใฎใใใซๅญฆใณใ็ทด็ฟใใไฝๆคใใใใจใใงใใใฎใใใใฎๅ ทไฝ็ใช้ใๅ ฑใซๆขใฃใฆใฟใใใจๆใใพใใ
2. ็ใฎๆใฏ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅฎๆใใใๆ
ๅ็็ใซใๆใฏไธปไฝใๅฏพ่ฑกใซไธใใๅใงใใใ็พใฏใใฎๆใซๅฏพใใฆๅฏพ่ฑกใไธปไฝใซ่ฟใๅใงใใใใใใฃใฆๆใฏใไธๆน็ใซไธใใใ ใใง็ตใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใไธปไฝใจๅฏพ่ฑกใไบใใซๆใๅใใ/ๆๅใใ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅฎๆใใใพใใ
็งใๆใไธใใๅฏพ่ฑกใๅใณใงๅฟใใใจใใใใฎๅใณใฏๅใณ็งใซ่ฟใฃใฆใใฆใใใๅคงใใชๆใจๅนธใใ็ฏใไธใใพใใใใฎใใใ็ใฎๆใฏใๅฟใฎไธญใซใจใฉใพใใ ใใฎๆๆ ใงใฏใใใพใใใ
ๆใฏไบบ็๏ผ็ๆดป๏ผใจ้ขไฟใฎไธญใซ็พใใชใใใฐใชใใใใใฎๆใๅฏพ่ฑกใซไผใใไผใใฃใฆใๅใณใจใใฆ่ฟใฃใฆใใๆใๅใใฆ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅฎใ็ตใถใฎใงใใใจใผใชใใใปใใญใ ใฏใๆใใใจใใใใจใใฎไธญใงใๆใๅใชใๆๆ ใงใฏใชใใๅญฆใณใ่จ็ทดใใชใใใฐใชใใชใๆ่กใจใใฆๆใใฆใใพใใ
ไธๆใซๆญใๆญใใใใซใฏๆฅฝ่ญใๅญฆใณใ็นฐใ่ฟใ็ทด็ฟใใชใใใฐใชใใชใใใใซใๆใซใๅญฆใณใจ็ทด็ฟใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใ็งใใกใฏใๅคฉใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใใฉใฎใใใซๆใใไพใในใใใ้ ๅถ่ ใๅญๅฅณใ้ฃไบบใใฉใฎใใใซๆใในใใชใฎใใๅญฆใฐใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใ
ใใใๆใฏใ็ฅใฃใฆใใใ ใใงใฏๅฎๆใใพใใใๅญฆใใ ๆใใๅฎ้ใฎไบบ็๏ผ็ๆดป๏ผใฎไธญใง็นฐใ่ฟใ็ทด็ฟใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใใใพใใใใชใใฆใๅใณ่ฉฆใฟใๅคฑๆใใฆใ่ซฆใใชใ้็จใฎไธญใงใ็งใใกใฏๆใใๆนๆณใๅฐใใใค่บซใซใคใใฆใใใพใใ
ๆใใพใใ็ทด็ฟใ้ใใฆๆ้ทใใใใฎใงใใ็ตๅฑใ็ใฎๆใฏใๅญฆใณใใใๅงใพใใใ็ทด็ฟใใซใใฃใฆๆ้ทใใใไฝๆคใใ้ใใฆ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅฎๆใใใพใใใใใงใฏใใใฎๆใ็งใใกใฎไบบ็ใฎไธญใงใฉใฎใใใซ็ฏใใฆใใใใจใใงใใใงใใใใใใใใงใฏใใๅญฆใณใ็ทด็ฟใใไฝๆคใใใ็ใฎๆใฎๅ ทไฝ็ใชๆนๆณใ่ฆใฆใพใใใพใใ
3. ๆใๅญฆใณใๆใ็ทด็ฟใใๆใไฝๆคใใ
ไธใค็ฎใฏใๆใๅญฆใถใใจใงใใใฟ่จใฎ่จ่ชญใจ็คผๆใ้ใใฆใๅคฉใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใฎใฟๆจใจ็ใฎๆใฎๅ็ใๅญฆใถใใจใใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใฎ็ฌฌไธๆญฉใงใใ
ๆญใไธๆใซใชใใใใซใฏๆฅฝ่ญใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใใๅคๅฝ่ชใๅญฆใถใใใซใฏๆ็งๆธใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใใใใใใๆ็ใไฝใใใใซใฏใฌใทใใๅฟ ่ฆใงใใ
็ใฎๆใ็ทด็ฟใใใใใซใใใพใ็ใฎๆใจใฏไฝใชใฎใใใฉใฎใใใซๆใในใใใๅญฆใฐใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใใใใใฃใฆใใฟ่จใ้ใใฆๆใ็ฅใใๅญฆใถใใจใใใใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใๅงใใ็ฌฌไธๆฎต้ใงใใไบใค็ฎใฏใๅญฆใใ ๆใ็ทด็ฟใใใใจใงใใ
ๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใฎ็ฌฌไบๆฎต้ใฏใๅญฆใใ ็ใฎๆใไบบ็๏ผ็ๆดป๏ผใฎไธญใง็นฐใ่ฟใ็ทด็ฟใใๆใ็งใใกใฎไบบ็๏ผ็ๆดป๏ผใซๅฎไฝใจใใฆๅฎ็ใใใใใซใใใใจใงใใๆญใฏๆฅฝ่ญใ ใใงใฏๅฎๆใใพใใใๅผๅธๆณใ่บซใซใคใใๅฃฐใๅบใใฆ็นฐใ่ฟใ็ทด็ฟใใฆใใใๅใใฆใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใฎๆญใซใชใใพใใ
ๅคๅฝ่ชใๅ่ชใๆๆณใๅญฆใถใ ใใง็ตใใใฎใงใฏใชใใๅฎ้ใซ่ใใฆใ่ฉฑใใใใใพใไฝฟใ็ถใใฆใใใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใฎ่จ่ชใซใชใใพใใๆ็ใใพใใใฌใทใใ็ฅใฃใฆใใใ ใใงใฏไธ่ถณใงใใ
ๅฎ้ใซไฝใฃใฆใฟใฆใๆใซใฏๅคฑๆใใชใใ็ต้จใ็ฉใใงใใใๅใใฆใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใฎๆ็ใซใชใใพใใ็ใฎๆใๅๆงใงใใใฟ่จใ้ใใฆๆใ็ฅใฃใใชใใไปๅบฆใฏๅฐใใชใใจใใใๅฎ้ใฎ้ขไฟใฎไธญใง็ทด็ฟใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใ
ใใพใใใใชใใฆใๅใณ่ฉฆใฟใๅคฑๆใใฆใ่ซฆใใใซ็นฐใ่ฟใใชใใใฐใชใใพใใใๆใ็ทด็ฟใงใใ็ฐๅขใใคใใใๅฟ่ใจ่จ็ทดใ้ใญใใจใใใฟ่จใงๅญฆใใ ็ใฎๆใ็งใใกใฎไบบ็๏ผ็ๆดป๏ผใฎไธญใซๅฎไฝใจใใฆๅฎ็ใใๆงใซใชใใพใใ
็ตๅฑใๆใฏ็ฅใฃใฆใใใ ใใงใฏๅฎๆใใพใใใ็นฐใ่ฟใใ็ทด็ฟใ็ฟๆ ฃใจใชใใ็ฟๆ ฃใไบบๆ ผใจใชใฃใฆ็งใใกใฎไบบ็ใซๅฎ็ใใๆใๅใใฆๆใฏๅฎไฝใจใชใใพใใ
ไธใค็ฎใฏใ็ทด็ฟใ้ใใฆ่บซใซใคใใๆใๅฏพ่ฑกใซไผใใใใฎๆใ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅใณใจๅฟๆ ใจใใฆๅฎใ็ตใถใใจใไฝๆคใใใใจใงใใๆญใๅญฆใณใ็ทด็ฟใใใฎใฏใ็ตๅฑใ่ชๅใฎๆญใซใใฃใฆ่ชฐใใซๆๅใจๅใณใไธใใใใใงใใ
่ชๅใๆญใฃใๆญใ่ใใฆ่ชฐใใๅใใงใใใใจใใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใใใๅคงใใชๅใณใจๅนธ็ฆใๆใใพใใๅคๅฝ่ชใๅญฆใถใใจใใๅ็ดใซ่จ่ช่ฝๅใ่บซใซใคใใใใใ ใใงใฏใใใพใใใ
็ธๆใฎ่จ่ชใจๆๅใ็่งฃใใฆ็้ใใใไบใใฎๅฟใๅใใกๅใใจใใ้ขไฟใฎๅใณใจใจใใซใ่ชๅใฎไธ็ใใใๆทฑใใใใๅบใใชใฃใฆใใใพใใๆ็ใๅใใงใใ
ใฌใทใใ่บซใซใคใใ็นฐใ่ฟใ็ทด็ฟใใ็ฎ็ใฏใไธไบบใงใใใใๆ็ใ้ฃในใใใจใซใใใฎใงใฏใใใพใใใ็ๅฟใ่พผใใฆไฝใฃใๆ็ใๅฎถๆใ้ฃไบบใจๅใใกๅใใๅฝผใใๅใถๅงฟใ่ฆใใจใใ่ชๅ่ช่บซใๅ ฑใซๅใถใใใซใชใใพใใ
ใใฎใใใซใๅญฆใณใจ็ทด็ฟใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ่ชๅใฎๆ่กใๅฎๆใใใใใจใซใใใฎใงใฏใใใพใใใ่ชๅใๅญฆใใ ใใฎใๅฏพ่ฑกใธใจๆตใไผใใใใฎๆใๅฏพ่ฑกใฎๅใณใจใใฆๅฎใ็ตใณใใใฎๅใณใๅใณ่ชๅ่ช่บซใๅ ฑใซไฝๆคใใใจใใๅใใฆใใๅคงใใชๅนธ็ฆใ็ฏใใใใฎใงใใ
4. ใฟ่จใใๅฎไฝใธใๅฎไฝใใๅฟๆ ใธ
็ใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใฏใๅนธ็ฆใ่ชฌๆใใใชใใใใ็กไบบๅณถใฎๅฃฐๆฅฝๅฎถใใจใใใใจใใใใ่ฉฑใใใพใใใใ็ๆถฏใๅฃฐๆฅฝๅฎถใจใใฆ็ใใฆใใไบบใงใใฃใฆใใ็กไบบๅณถใซไธไบบ็ฝฎใๅปใใซใใใใใฃใไธไบบใงๅฃฐใๅผตใไธใใฆๆญใฃใใจใใใงใๆใใใฆๅนธใใ ใจ่จใใใงใใใใใใจๅใใใใใใๅนธใใจใฏใๅฟ ใ็ธๅฏพ็้ขไฟใๅใใๅ ดใซใใใฆใใๆ็ซใใใใฎใใงใใใจใ่ฉฑใใซใชใใพใใใ(ๆ้ฎฎๆๅ ็ใฟ่จ้ธ้522ๅทปใp.263)
ใฉใใชใซๅชใใๅฃฐๆฅฝๅฎถใงใใฃใฆใใ่ชๅใฎๆญใ่ดใใฆใใใๅฏพ่ฑกใใใชใใใฐใๅฎๅ จใชๅใณใ็ต้จใใใใจใฏ้ฃใใใฎใงใใ
ๅๅฏพใซใ่ชๅใฎๆญใ่ชฐใใซๆๅใจๅใณใไธใใใใฎๅใณใๅใณ่ชๅใซ่ฟใฃใฆใใใจใใๅใใฆๆใจๅใณใ่กใไบคใๅนธ็ฆใช้ขไฟใ็ฏใใใพใใ็ใฎๆใใใใจๅใใงใใๆใฏไธไบบใงๅฎๆใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ่ชๅใๆใไธใใๅฏพ่ฑกใ็พใงๅฟใใใจใใใใฎ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงใใๅคงใใชๆใจๅใณใจใใฆๅฎๆใใพใใ
ใใใใๆใจ็พใ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅฎไฝใจใใฆ็พใใ็ใฎๆใฎ้็จใงใใใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใฏใใใฎใใใช็ใฎๆใฎๅๅพช็ฐใ็งใใกใฎๆฅๅธธใฎไธญใซ็ฏใใฆใใไบบ็ใชใฎใงใใ
็ใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใฏใใฟ่จใฎ็ฎ็ใฏๅฎไฝใงใใใๅฎไฝใฎ็ฎ็ใฏๅฟๆ ใงใใใใจใใฃใใใใใพใใใใใฎใฟ่จใฏใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใใฉใฎใใใซไบบ็ใธใจใคใชใใฃใฆใใใฎใใใๅซใฟใๆใใใฆ่กจใใฆใใพใใ
ใฟ่จใ้ใใฆๆใๅญฆใณใ็ทด็ฟใ้ใใฆๆใๅฎไฝๅใใใใฎๆใ้ขไฟใฎไธญใงๅใใกๅใใจใใๅใณใจๅฟๆ ใไฝๆคใใใใใซใชใใพใใใใฟ่จใๅฎไฝใๅฟๆ ใใฏใ็งใใกใฎไบบ็ใฎไธญใงใๅญฆใณใ็ทด็ฟใไฝๆคใใจใใฆ็พใใพใใ
่จใๆใใใฐใใใฟ่จใใฏใๅฎไฝใใ็ตใฆใๅฟๆ ใใธใจไฝๅใใใพใใใใใใฏ็งใใกใฎไบบ็ใซใใใฆใๅญฆใณใใใ็ทด็ฟใใ้ใใฆใไฝๆคใใจใใฆๅ ท็พใใใ้็จใจๅใใงใใใใใใไธๅคง็ฅ็ฆใจใใๅต้ ่จญ่จๅณใไบบ็ใจใใฆๅ ท็พใใๆนๆณใงใใใ็ใฎๆใฎๅๅพช็ฐใ้ใใฆๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใ็ฏใใฆใใ้ใชใฎใงใใ
5. ไป้ฑใฎๅฎ่ทต:็ใฎๆใฎๅๅพช็ฐใไฝ้จใใ
ๆใๅญฆใณใๆใ็ทด็ฟใใใใฎๆใ้ใใฆใไบใใฎๅใณใจๅฟๆ ใไฝๆคใใใใจใใใใใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใๅฎ้ใฎไบบ็ใจใใฆ็ฏใใฆใใ้ใงใใ
ๆใใ้ฃๅฃใฎ็ๆงใ
ไป้ฑไธ้ฑ้ใฏใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝ็ๆดปใฎๅฎ่ทตๆนๆณใงใใใ็ใฎๆใฎๅๅพช็ฐใใใ็ดๆฅไฝ้จใใฆใฟใฆใใ ใใใใพใใใฟ่จ่จ่ชญใ็คผๆใ้ใใฆใไปๆฅ็ทด็ฟใใๆใไธใคๅญฆใณใๅฟใซๅปใใงใฟใฆใใ ใใใ
ใใใฆใใใฎๆใๅฎ้ใฎ็ๆดปใฎไธญใง่ฉฆใใฆใฟใฆใใ ใใใๅคงใใใชใใจใงใฏใชใใๅฐใใชใใจใใๅงใใใฐใใใงใใใใๆธฉใใไธ่จใ็ธๆใฎ่ฉฑใๆๅพใพใง่ใใฆใใใใใจใๅ ใซใใใใใชใใใใจ่จใใใจใฎใใใซ๏ผใไปใ่ชๅใใงใใๅฐใใชๆใงๅๅใงใใ
ใใใฆไธๆฅใฎ็ตใใใซใ่ชๅใๅ ใซๆใไธใใใจใใ็ธๆใฎ่กจๆ ใ้ขไฟใใฉใฎใใใซๅคใใฃใใฎใใ่ชๅใฎๅฟใซใฏใฉใฎใใใชๅใณใจๅฟๆ ใๆนงใไธใใฃใใใใ้ใใซๆฏใ่ฟใฃใฆใฟใฆใใ ใใใ
ๆๅพใซใ็ ใใซใคใๅใใใฎ็ตๆใๅคฉใฎ็ถๆฏๆงใซๆ่ฌใฎ็ฅใใจใใฆใๅ ฑๅใใฆใฟใฆใใ ใใใใใฎใใใซใใฆใๅญฆใณใ็ทด็ฟใใไฝๆคใใใๅฐใใชๅพช็ฐใใๆฏๆฅ็ฏใใฆใใใใพใใใใซ้กใใพใใ
ๆใฏ่ใใใ ใใงใฏๅฎๆใใใ่กๅใใใ ใใง็ตใใใใฎใงใใใใพใใใใฟ่จใๅญฆใณใๆใ็ทด็ฟใใใใฎๆใ้ขไฟใฎไธญใง็ฏใๅบใใใๅใณใจๅฟๆ ใไฝๆคใใใจใใ็งใใกใฎไบบ็ใฏๅฐใใใคๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝใธใจๅคๅใใฆใใใพใใไป้ฑไธ้ฑ้ใๅคงใใใชใใจใๅงใใชใใฆใๆงใใพใใใ่ชๅใๆใๆใในใไธไบบใฎไบบใซใใพใๆใ่กจ็พใใฆใฟใฆใใ ใใใ
ใใฎๅฐใใชๆไธใคใ็งใใกใฎๅฎถๅบญใๅคๅใใใๅฎถๅบญใฎๅคๅใๅ ฑๅไฝใๅคๅใใใใคใใซ็งใใกใๅคข่ฆใๅฐไธๅคฉๅฝใฎๅงใพใใจใชใใใจใงใใใใไป้ฑใฏใ่ชๅ๏ผ่ชๅ่ช่บซ๏ผใๆใฎไธปไฝใจใชใไบบ็ใไฝๆคใใไธ้ฑ้ใซใชใใใพใใใ็ฅๅฟตใใใใพใใ


